End stage kidney failure refers to the medical condition during which the kidney completely stops functioning. It is totally incapable of removing wastes, concentrating urine and controlling other vital functions of the body. Once the patient reaches the chronic stage of kidney disease, the end stage is almost evitable.

In the US, most victims of end stage renal disease or ERSD are patients of diabetes and elevated blood pressure. The only solution at this stage is treatment through dialysis or a kidney transplant. Some of the indications of this stage include decreased urine volume, unexplained loss of weight, fatigue, feeling of illness, loss of appetite, nausea, headaches, itchy and dry skin, abnormally dark or light skin, changes in nails, pain in the bones, bad breath, excessive thirst, morning sickness, sleep disorders, nosebleed, blood in the stool, decreased libido, amenorrhea, edema, and certain signs related to nervous disorders such as confusion, poor concentration, numbness in the limbs, cramps and twitching of muscles.

Certain tests have to be regularly conducted on the patient at this stage in order to monitor the alterations in their levels. These tests include assessment of potassium, sodium, albumin, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, cholesterol, complete blood count, electrolytes, bone density, erythropoietin and PTH.

Depending on the individual circumstances and body condition, the doctors recommend treatment either as dialysis or an organ transplant. Those undergoing dialysis need to make certain alterations in their diet in the form of low intake of proteins, fluids, salt, potassium, phosphorous and other electrolytes.

There are other associated medical conditions that need to be taken care of such as anemia through diet, iron pills, erythropoietin injections and blood transfusions; and phosphate binders are required to prevent an increase in the phosphorous levels. An extra dosage of calcium and Vitamin D may also be a necessity.

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