A negative change in composition and location of genes causes a genetic disorder. The change in structure gives rise to a different form of gene, which is known as variation.

Similarly, any alteration is termed as mutation. Mutation causes disease like cancer. Occurrence of mutation depends upon behavioral and environmental factors. Cigarette smoking is one of the major reasons.Most of the genetic diseases are transferred to the generation. Altered chromosome causes Down syndrome. In this chromosome 21 occurs with an extra copy.

A set of chromosome consists of 22 pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes; X and Y.

There are three patterns, namely autosomal dominant disorders, autosomal recessive disorders and X-linked recessive disorders.

When an autosome is mutated with a copy of it, autosomal dominant disorders occur. Male and female are equally affected with this disorder. An affected person has 50 percent possibility to inherit this in his offspring.

In autosomal recessive disorders also, mutation occurs in autosomes, but instead of one they have two copies of gene. Each copy is transferred by the parents. A person having only one copy does not show any disorder, instead is the carrier of the gene mutation, and has the ability to pass it on to his or her offspring.

Every male has one X and one Y chromosome, while females have both X sex chromosomes. When the mutated gene affects the X chromosome, X-linked recessive disorders occur. Since females already have a non mutated copy of X chromosome, the disease is less complicated in females than in males. In males, presence of only one X chromosome creates complications.

Female genetic disorders are rare, though they are present. Some are sex linked genetic disorders. These can be dominant or recessive in expression. If they are dominant, usually the female will die. Some of the dominant sex linked genetic disorders are Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, Goltz's syndrome, oral facial digital syndrome, incontinentia pigmenti and clundromatosis.

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